Data Management Report (Population) Economics Coursework - 1925 Words

Data Management Report (Population) Economics Coursework (Coursework Sample) Content: Students Name:Professors Name:Subject:Date:Why women in Canada has less earnings as compared to their MenTable of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK "/content/lop/researchpublications/2010-30-e.htm" \l "a1" 1.0 Introduction2 HYPERLINK "/content/lop/researchpublications/2010-30-e.htm" \l "a2" 2.0 Measuring the Gender Wage Gap...4 HYPERLINK "/content/lop/researchpublications/2010-30-e.htm" \l "a3" 2.1 Comparing the Annual Earnings of Women and Men....5  HYPERLINK "/content/lop/researchpublications/2010-30-e.htm" \l "a4" 2.2 The Full-year, Full-time Wage Gap....................................................................6 HYPERLINK "/content/lop/researchpublications/2010-30-e.htm" \l "a5" 2.3 The Hourly Wage Gap....7 HYPERLINK "/content/lop/researchpublications/2010-30-e.htm" \l "a6" 3.0 International Comparisons: The Gender Wage Gap in for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Nations..7 HYPERLINK "/content/lop/researchpublications /2010-30-e.htm" \l "a7" 4.0 Historical Trends in the Gender Wage Gap85.0 Possibility of Gender Wage gap reduce in Future..86.0 On Equal Pay Day, key facts about the gender pay gap.96.1Correlation between the incomes of women with Family responsibilities...97.0 Work Cited101.0 Introduction It is important to know which gender in Canada has higher income than the other. The purpose of this statistical research is to ensure that we determine the gender group than has higher income level than the other and the reason therein. In Canada it is possible to determine the gender that has higher income based on the information available from different sources (Pinterics, 2001). There is valid statistical evidence that women have less income than men in Canada due to highly likelihood of more men entering the job market than women. This is also resulted from the fact that currently is when women are trying to catch up with men in terms of their participation in the labor market (Heilman, 2 001). The interval between the earnings of a woman and a man is called gender wage gap. The choice of this topic is based on the fact that it is there are gaps which have not been researched on by the recent researchers. This topic is also a very important in ensuring that there is equity in the job market so that there is equal income group in both genders.Main topic questions and sub-questionsMeasurement of the wage gap between women and menComparing the income of women ad men annuallyFull time wage gap between women and menHourly wage gapHypothesis I have a strong belief that men have high income than women. Women have lower annual income than men and there is a wider wage gap between women and men.2.0 Measuring the Gender Wage GapTo determine the income level of women in comparison with those of men are many and each of them significantly show that women of Canada has lower income than that of men. These measures are as shown below.2.1. Comparing the Annual Earnings of Women an d Men The best method that can be used to measure the wage gap between men and women is to compare the annual income of women in relation to men (Pinterics, 2001). The use of this technique does not separate par time or full time employment. It ensures that the wages of all women and men are available and all types of work that both women and men are involved in (Schein Virginia, 2001). This measure indicates that annual income of women in 2008 was 64.4% as compared to that of men. This result is argued that it looks too general as the comparison of the earnings of women income with those of men is not able to show that women earns less than men. This is because women and men work in different sectors and also takes different working hours (Pinterics, 2001). It is also important to note that women work mostly on part time basis and this contributes to their low income who mostly works on full time basis. In 2009, in all months of the year, there was evidence that there were twice w omen working part time when compared to men.2.2. The Full-year, Full-time Wage Gap The most common method that can show the gender wage gap in Canada is the full year, full-time wage gap (Heilman, 2001). The importance of this measure is that it only focuses on the average income of all the employees who have full timers. This measure shows that women working full time in 2008 earn 71.4% when compared to the male counterparts.Table 1 Average Earnings of Full-year, Full-time Earners (2008 constant dollars)YearMales Females Ratio 1978 54,40034,4000.631988 53,80035,1000.651998 56,30040,5000.722008 62,60044,7000.71
This kind of earnings is able to be skewed by few people who are lucky to receive high salaries and such incomes are earned by male gender. To reduce the effect of people with high income, the comparison must only be done by median earnings of the income of both genders (Pinterics, 2001). The table indicates that median earnings of women are abou t 76% higher than that of men. This can be shown as in the table below.Table 2 Median Earnings of Full-year, Full-time Workers (2008 constant dollars)YearMales Females Ratio 197850,60031,2000.621988 49,70032,1000.651998 49,00036,3000.742008 50,60038,6000.76
2.3. The Hourly Wage Gap It is important to use hourly wage gap as it is able to make us know the amount of income that women make on hourly basis as compared tom men (Heilman, 2001). The results as indicated on the table below show that women in the age between 24 and 54 earn almost 85% as higher than men.Table 3 Average Hourly Wage, Workers Aged 2554 (Current dollars)MalesFemalesRatioTotal employeesAll employees25.9122.000.849Employees with union coverage26.9625.280.937Employees without union coverage25.4220.180.794Permanent employeesAll employees26.3822.240.843Employees with union coverage27.1725.530.926Employees without union coverage26.0020.460.786Temp orary employeesAll employees21.0119.750.940Employees with union coverage24.8523.290.939Employees without union coverage18.9417.260.911
3.0 International Comparisons: The Gender Wage Gap in for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Nations Most countries have a gender gap. It is the responsibility of OECD to gather and conduct comparison analysis on median data earnings of the selected OECD countries (Pinterics, 2001). It is determined that the gender wage gap is higher in Asian OECD while Canada and UK appear in the fourth position. This is s significant sign that women in Canada earn less income than their men.Figure 1 Gender Gap in Median Earnings of Full-time Employees, 2006 or latest year available INCLUDEPICTURE "/content/lop/researchpublications/images/2010-30-Fig1-e.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 
4.0 Historical Trends in the Gender Wage Gap Since 1960s, there has been a legislation enacted to regulate the payment of all the employees, Canadian women and men are still not able to receive equality in their earnings (Schein Virginia, 2001). There is a rapid decrease in the gender wage gap in 1976 and in the early 1990s. The graph below shows the progress from 1993 to 2008.Figure 3 Evolution of the Gender Wage Gap, 19932008:Womens Annual Earnings as a Percentage of Mens Annual Earnings INCLUDEPICTURE "/content/lop/researchpublications/images/2010-30-Fig3-e.gif" \* MERGEFORMATINET 
5.0 Possibility of Gender Wage gap reduce in Future There is an imagination that the gender wage gap is likely to diminish to people who are currently entering the job market. The truth of this imagination can only be determined when the ratio of median earnings of both genders by the age group is determined over the past three decades (Newman and Linda, 2006). The use of median earnings is able to produce a more accurate picture for the majority of people in the population as it is able to minimize the problems caused by extreme ends of the earn ing range.Table 5 Female-to-Male Median Earnings Ratio, Canada, Comparison at Four Time pointsAge GroupYearPercentage Point Difference from 1980 to 2008198019902000200815 to 24 years78.197.090.374.0Ð ²5.025 to 34 years67.673.776.876.6Ð ²Ãâ€šÃ ²Ãâ€š9.0Ð ²Ãâ€š35 to 44 years57.666.069.970.7Ð ²Ãâ€šÃ ²Ãâ€š13.145 to 54 years59.260...